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The Ledger

Scottsdale’s economy, land and people, decade by decade

Every chapter of Scottsdale’s story has a price on it. Canal water sold by the eighty acres, cotton that boomed with one war and crashed after it, guest-ranch rooms, a Motorola payroll, tract homes and resort suites, the sales tax that bought a mountain range. The Ledger reads the city’s history as economics: who lived here, what land, water and homes cost, what people did for a living, and what the public purse took in and spent.

How these pages are written: every number names its year, its unit, the place it counts and where it was printed, and rests on two independent sources or says it does not. Dollars are the dollars of their day. Census categories are the census’s own. Prices are medians and totals for a place, never one household’s. Public records come first, and a private market index is quoted once, dated, if at all. Each chapter ends with what the record doesn’t show and where it would be. The narrative of the same years is in the decade chapters, and the arguments over growth and taxes are in politics & society.

The chapters

The series opens with the canal economies before 1888 and runs, so far, through 1919; each chapter stands on its own. The present day is covered by the monthly sales record below.

  1. Before 1888

    The Ledger Before 1888: Canals, Wheat and the Year Water Got a Price

    For fourteen centuries the wealth of this valley was water moved by hand. Then a company dug a canal with eastern money and put a price on the water: $500 for every 80 acres, plus $1.25 an acre a year.

    Read the chapter →
  2. 1888–1909

    The Ledger, 1888–1909: Scottsdale Before the Dam

    Scott paid the government $1,520 for 600 acres and sold 400 of them within fifteen months for $10,200. The money was never in the land. It was in the water, the winter air and the dam.

    Read the chapter →
  3. 1910s

    The Ledger, 1910s: Dam Water, Town Lots and the Cotton Boom

    In 1914 new land along Scottsdale Road was worth $100 to $150 an acre. By the end of 1919 farms near Scottsdale were asking $400, and the whole rise rested on one price: what a pound of long-staple cotton would bring.

    Read the chapter →

The years after 1919

The Ledger’s chapters for these years are not written yet. Until they are, the decade chapters of the history tell the story of the same years, and the sales record below covers the market today.

The sales record · updated monthly

Scottsdale home sales, from the county’s own deeds

The present-day end of The Ledger: every valid sale of a house or condominium inside the city limits, from the affidavits filed with each deed, published as counts and medians by month, ZIP code and community.

Median house
$1,225,000
Median condo
$465,000
Sales
5,076

July 2025 to June 2026, from the county file of October 5, 2026. The whole record →

The charts, chapter by chapter

Each chart asks one question of one chapter’s figures. The chapter has the table behind it and every source.

How long were the canals?

The ancient network is measured four ways because researchers counted different things: every documented canal, only the major ones, or the most a 1929 map could trace. The 1885 canal is one channel.

  1. Hohokam, Turney's 1929 map at most c. AD 950–1150 · Estimate · Salt River Valley
    up to 1,000
  2. Hohokam, major canals only AD 1–1450 · Estimate · Salt River Valley
    over 700
  3. Hohokam, documented canals AD 1–1450 · Estimate · Phoenix Basin
    more than 500
  4. Hohokam, in 14 irrigation networks AD 1–1450 · Estimate · Phoenix Basin
    300
  5. The Arizona Canal 1885 · North side of the Salt River Valley
    42

Sources: Meserve (2003), caption to Turney's map; ASCE, Hohokam Canal System; Archaeology Southwest, Hohokam; Fagan (2011); HAER No. AZ-19, pp. 2, 15. The figures, in Before 1888 →

How much land did each canal system water?

One bar per figure, scaled to the largest. The top two are the same ancient network as two researchers count it; the line under each name says whether the figure is an estimate, a design or a report.

  1. Hohokam canals, Turney's 1929 map c. AD 950–1150 · Estimate · Salt River Valley
    about 100,000
  2. Hohokam canals, Fagan's figure AD 1–1450 · Estimate · Phoenix Basin
    256,000
  3. Swilling's Town Ditch 1868 · As designed · Phoenix
    4,000
  4. O'odham fields on the north bank of the Salt 1878 · As reported · Salt River, opposite Tempe
    1,520
  5. The Arizona Canal 1885 · As designed · North side of the Salt River Valley
    over 75,000

Sources: Meserve, Ancient Peoples in Scottsdale (City of Scottsdale, 2003), caption to Turney's map; ASCE, Hohokam Canal System; Brian Fagan, Archaeology 64:2 (March/April 2011); Farish, History of Arizona, vol. II (1915), pp. 252–253; Wilson, Peoples of the Middle Gila, pp. 242, 263–264; HAER No. AZ-19, Arizona Canal, pp. 5, 15. The figures, in Before 1888 →

How much wheat did the Gila villages sell?

Pounds sold, by year and buyer, as federal agents reported them. The 1862 figure includes part of the 1861 crop.

  1. 1859, to the Overland Mail Company 1859 · As reported · Pima and Maricopa villages on the Gila
    more than 300,000 lbs.
  2. 1860, to the Overland Mail Company 1860 · As reported · Pima and Maricopa villages on the Gila
    400,000 lbs.
  3. 1862, to the government 1862 · As reported · Pima and Maricopa villages on the Gila
    more than 1,000,000 lbs.

Sources: Wilson, citing McMahon to Mix, Dec. 18, 1860; Wilson, p. 181; Salt River Pima-Maricopa Indian Community, History; Wilson, p. 193, citing Superintendent James Collins and Special Agent J. Ross Browne. The figures, in Before 1888 →

Who got what for a pound of grain?

Cents a pound in the money of the day; a range is drawn at its middle. The government bought flour the traders had milled, so the bars show who kept the margin, not the price of one product.

Paid to O'odham and Piipaash farmers The rest

  1. Paid to Pima farmers by traders, for wheat and corn 1866 · As reported · Pima Villages and Maricopa Wells
    1 to 2¢ a pound, in trade goods
  2. Paid by the government for the traders' flour 1866 · As reported · Pima Villages and Maricopa Wells
    6 to 7¢ a pound, in cash
  3. Paid by the government for Pima flour 1869 · As reported · Pima Villages
    9¼¢ a pound
  4. Paid to reservation farmers for barley, in cash 1870 · As reported · Gila River reservation
    3 to 3½¢ a pound
  5. Phoenix farmers' barley 1870 · As reported · Phoenix
    4½¢ a pound
  6. Paid by the Army to its barley contractor 1870 · As reported · Fort McDowell
    6.2 to 7.4¢ a pound ($6.20–$7.40 per 100 lbs.)

Sources: Wilson, citing Rusling (1874); Wilson, citing Andrews to Parker, Nov. 9, 1869; Wilson, p. 225, citing the Commissioner of Indian Affairs' report for 1870; Wilson, p. 242, citing the Weekly Arizona Miner, Aug.–Sept. 1870. The figures, in Before 1888 →

What did 80 acres under the new canal cost in 1887, before a single crop?

The published prices, multiplied out for one 80-acre water right. The water cost more than the land.

Water The rest

  1. The land: 80 acres at $2.50 1887 · The arithmetic · One 80-acre claim under the Arizona Canal
    $200
  2. The water right for 80 acres 1887 · Published price · One 80-acre claim under the Arizona Canal
    $500
  3. The first year's water: 80 acres at $1.25 1887 · The arithmetic · One 80-acre claim under the Arizona Canal
    $100

Sources: Senate Report No. 192 (the 1887 price), times 80 acres; HAER No. AZ-19, p. 15; HAER No. AZ-19, p. 15, times 80 acres. The figures, in Before 1888 →

Where did the founding money go?

The payments and sales the record gives for Scott's section and the townsite south of it, 1888 to 1894, in the dollars of the day. Scott's water cost him more than his land, and one sale paid for both.

Paid out by Scott The rest

  1. Scott's down payment, July 2 1888 · The arithmetic · Section 23
    $320
  2. Scott's seven water rights 1889 · Estimate · Section 23
    about $3,500
  3. Scott's final payment, September 1889 · Section 23
    $1,200
  4. Sale to Mary Brown White, February 1889 · The arithmetic · Section 23
    $1,200
  5. Sale to W. J. Murphy, October 30 1889 · The arithmetic · Section 23
    $9,000
  6. Section 26, Fulwiler to Utley, June 1890 · Section 26
    $1,000
  7. Lot 9, Orangedale tract, October 30 1894 · As reported · Orangedale tract
    $1,200

Sources: Lynch, pp. 100–101; McElfresh; Lynch, p. 107; HAER No. AZ-19, p. 15; Lynch, p. 107; McElfresh; Scottsdale Historical Society, Key Events; Lynch, p. 107; McElfresh; Lynch, pp. 108–109; McElfresh; Lynch, p. 120n; Arizona Republican, Oct. 31, 1894, p. 5. The figures, in 1888–1909 →

What did an acre near Scottsdale cost?

The price per acre in each recorded deal or advertisement, in the dollars of the day. The 1907 and 1909 bars are a land agent's asking prices, not sales, and not the same parcels.

Paid in a recorded deal The rest

  1. The federal price Scott paid 1888 · Published price · Section 23
    $2.50 an acre
  2. 40 acres sold to Mary Brown White, February 1889 · Published price · Section 23
    $30 an acre
  3. 360 acres sold to W. J. Murphy, October 30 1889 · Published price · Section 23
    $25 an acre
  4. Section 26, bought by Albert G. Utley, June 1890 · The arithmetic · Section 26
    about $1.56 an acre
  5. 120 acres, Francis Frazier's ad, September 1907 · Published price · Near Scottsdale
    $35 an acre
  6. 160 acres, Frazier's ad, March 1909 · Published price · Near Scottsdale
    $150 an acre

Sources: Lynch, pp. 100–101, 107; Senate Report No. 192 (1894); Lynch, pp. 107, 109n; McElfresh, Scottsdale: Jewel in the Desert; Lynch, pp. 108–109; McElfresh; Lynch, p. 120n; Arizona Republican, Sept. 15, 1907, p. 11; Arizona Republican, Mar. 9, 1909, p. 14. The figures, in 1888–1909 →

What was an acre of farm land worth, before and during the dam?

The census value of farm land divided by the acres in farms, without buildings, in the dollars of the day. The Bureau printed the per-acre figures itself.

Maricopa County The rest

  1. Maricopa County, 1900 1900 · Maricopa County
    $30.56 an acre
  2. Maricopa County, 1910 1910 · Maricopa County
    $104.50 an acre
  3. Arizona, 1900 1900 · Arizona
    $5.90 an acre
  4. Arizona, 1910 1910 · Arizona
    $33.97 an acre

Sources: Thirteenth Census, Supplement for Arizona, p. 606 (read from the page image); Thirteenth Census, Supplement for Arizona, p. 606; Thirteenth Census, Supplement for Arizona, pp. 593, 606. The figures, in 1888–1909 →

How big were the county's farms in 1910?

All 2,229 farms in Maricopa County, by acres. Most were family farms of 20 to 174 acres, the size the new canals and the coming dam were selling.

  1. Under 10 acres 1910 · Maricopa County
    268
  2. 10 to 19 acres 1910 · Maricopa County
    316
  3. 20 to 49 acres 1910 · Maricopa County
    619
  4. 50 to 99 acres 1910 · Maricopa County
    321
  5. 100 to 174 acres 1910 · Maricopa County
    425
  6. 175 to 499 acres 1910 · Maricopa County
    229
  7. 500 acres and over 1910 · Maricopa County
    51

Sources: Thirteenth Census, Supplement for Arizona, p. 606. The figures, in 1888–1909 →

What did a month of work pay?

A hired farm hand's monthly wage without board, for Arizona and the nation, and Scottsdale's teacher, in the dollars of the day. Arizona paid farm hands more than the national average in every year shown.

Scottsdale's teacher The rest

  1. Arizona farm hand, 1888 1888 · Arizona
    $25.00
  2. Arizona farm hand, 1890 1890 · Arizona
    $33.00
  3. District 48's first teacher, 1896 1896 · School District No. 48
    $40
  4. District 48 teacher, 1904 1904 · School District No. 48
    $50
  5. Arizona farm hand, 1909 1909 · Arizona
    $44.95
  6. United States farm hand, 1909 1909 · United States
    $25.46

Sources: Holmes, Wages of Farm Labor, USDA Bulletin 99 (1912), Tables 11–12; Holmes, Tables 11–12; Scottsdale Unified School District, History and 125 Years; Lynch; Scottsdale Unified School District, 125 Years. The figures, in 1888–1909 →

What did the water cost to buy and build?

The failed canal companies, the government's purchase of the canals and the dam's first estimate, in the dollars of the day, with the town's school for scale.

The dam, as first estimated The rest

  1. Each canal company, sold at foreclosure 1898 · North side of the Salt River Valley
    $100,000
  2. The storage dam, as estimated in June 1904 · As designed · Salt River Project
    $2,700,000
  3. The Arizona Canal system, bought in April 1906 · North side of the Salt River Valley
    $235,168
  4. Four other north-side canals, bought in April 1906 · North side of the Salt River Valley
    $78,993
  5. Scottsdale Grammar School, contract 1909 · School District No. 48
    $4,526

Sources: HAER No. AZ-19, p. 26; Encyclopedia of American business history, Salt River Project (encyclopedia.com); HAER No. AZ-19, p. 29; Scottsdale Historic Register report, Scottsdale Grammar School (2003), p. 2. The figures, in 1888–1909 →

How many people lived in the valley's towns in 1910?

The census of April 15, 1910. The Scottsville precinct's count includes the 718 people on the Salt River Indian Reservation, shown on their own line.

The Scottsville precinct The rest

  1. Phoenix city 1910 · Maricopa County
    11,134
  2. Mesa town 1910 · Maricopa County
    1,692
  3. Tempe town 1910 · Maricopa County
    1,473
  4. Scottsville precinct, reservation included 1910 · Maricopa County
    985
  5. Salt River Indian Reservation 1910 · Maricopa County
    718

Sources: Thirteenth Census, Supplement for Arizona, p. 574. The figures, in 1888–1909 →

How many people lived in Maricopa County?

Each census count. The county nearly doubled in the 1890s and grew by two-thirds again in the 1900s.

  1. 1890 Maricopa County
    10,986
  2. 1900 Maricopa County
    20,457
  3. 1910 Maricopa County
    34,488

Sources: Twelfth Census, Bulletin 6, Population of Arizona (1901), p. 3; Thirteenth Census, Supplement for Arizona, p. 606; Twelfth Census, Bulletin 6, p. 3; Thirteenth Census, Supplement for Arizona, pp. 585, 606. The figures, in 1888–1909 →

What did an acre near Scottsdale cost?

A reporter's valuation in 1914 and brokers' asking prices in 1919, in the dollars of the day. Watered farm land is in terracotta; the desert north of town, without water, is in sage. The gap between them is the price of the canal and the dam.

Irrigated farm land The rest

  1. New land on Scottsdale Road, April 1914 · As reported · Three sections on both sides of the Scottsdale road, south of town
    $100 to $150 an acre
  2. Deeded desert, 5½ miles north, March 1919 · Published price · Unwatered desert north of Scottsdale
    $24 an acre
  3. 120 patented acres, 3½ miles out, March 1919 · Published price · Near Scottsdale, with a small house, well and engine
    $33 an acre
  4. 160 improved acres, December 1919 · Published price · Near Scottsdale
    $265 an acre
  5. 80 improved acres, December 1919 · Published price · Near Scottsdale
    $350 an acre
  6. Another 80 improved acres, December 1919 · Published price · Near Scottsdale
    $400 an acre

Sources: Arizona Republican, Apr. 20, 1914, p. 7; Arizona Republican, Mar. 14, 1919, p. 10; Arizona Republican, Dec. 28, 1919, p. 27. The figures, in 1910s →

How much land was farmed in the county?

Land in farms tripled between the 1910 and 1920 censuses, but most of the new acreage was unimproved range. The cleared, watered land grew by about three-fifths.

Improved land The rest

  1. All land in farms, 1910 1910 · Maricopa County
    248,271 acres
  2. Improved land, 1910 1910 · Maricopa County
    172,592 acres
  3. All land in farms, 1920 1920 · Maricopa County
    802,396 acres
  4. Improved land, 1920 1920 · Maricopa County
    279,334 acres

Sources: Fourteenth Census, State Compendium: Arizona (1924), County Table I, p. 48. The figures, in 1910s →

What was an acre of farm land worth in 1920?

The census value of farm land divided by the acres in farms, in the dollars of the day. Maricopa County's figure barely moved from 1910's $104.50 because so much cheap range was added to the count; the irrigated acres were worth far more.

Maricopa County The rest

  1. Maricopa County, 1920 1920 · Maricopa County
    $105.33 an acre
  2. Arizona, 1920 1920 · Arizona
    $26.98 an acre

Sources: Fourteenth Census, State Compendium: Arizona (1924), County Table I, p. 48 (read from the page image); Fourteenth Census, State Compendium: Arizona (1924), County Table I, p. 48. The figures, in 1910s →

How fast did cotton spread?

Acres in cotton, planted in the Valley by one history's count and harvested in the county by the census. The 1914 bar is one growers' cooperative that included Scottsdale's farmers.

The census count The rest

  1. Planted in the Valley, 1912 1912 · Estimate · Salt River Valley
    about 400
  2. Tempe Cotton Exchange members, 1914 1914 · As reported · Tempe and Scottsdale growers
    about 2,500
  3. Planted in the Valley, 1917 1917 · Estimate · Salt River Valley
    33,000
  4. Planted in the Valley, 1918 1918 · Estimate · Salt River Valley
    72,000
  5. Harvested in Maricopa County, 1919 1919 · Maricopa County
    75,062
  6. Planted in the Valley, 1920 1920 · Estimate · Salt River Valley
    180,000

Sources: City of Phoenix, Hispanic Historic Property Survey, p. 37, citing Karen L. Smith, The Magnificent Experiment; Arizona Republican, June 20, 1914, p. 8; City of Phoenix, Hispanic Historic Property Survey, p. 37, citing Smith; Fourteenth Census, State Compendium: Arizona (1924), County Table IV, p. 53 (read from the page image); City of Phoenix, Hispanic Historic Property Survey, p. 38, citing Smith. The figures, in 1910s →

What did a pound of cotton lint bring?

Cents a pound for long-staple lint, as the Republican's 1920 cotton edition gave it. The next chapter tells what happened to the price in 1920.

  1. The 1918 crop 1918 · As reported · Salt River Valley
    63¢ a pound
  2. The 1919 crop 1919 · As reported · Salt River Valley
    80¢ to 86¢ a pound

Sources: Arizona Republican, Feb. 20, 1920 (Annual Cotton Edition), p. 29. The figures, in 1910s →

What were the county's crops worth in 1919?

The census value of every crop grown in Maricopa County in 1919, $24.1 million in all. Cotton was counted in the catch-all line, and it was worth more than everything else together.

The line that held cotton The rest

  1. All other crops, cotton chiefly 1919 · Maricopa County
    $14,372,506
  2. Hay and forage, alfalfa chiefly 1919 · Maricopa County
    $5,510,951
  3. Cereals 1919 · Maricopa County
    $2,455,192
  4. Fruits and nuts 1919 · Maricopa County
    $821,737
  5. Vegetables 1919 · Maricopa County
    $749,359
  6. Other grains and seeds 1919 · Maricopa County
    $144,671

Sources: Fourteenth Census, State Compendium: Arizona (1924), County Table IV, p. 53. The figures, in 1910s →

How big were the county's farms in 1920?

All 3,930 farms in Maricopa County, by acres. The number of farms of 20 to 49 acres more than doubled from 619 in 1910.

  1. Under 10 acres 1920 · Maricopa County
    316
  2. 10 to 19 acres 1920 · Maricopa County
    456
  3. 20 to 49 acres 1920 · Maricopa County
    1,436
  4. 50 to 99 acres 1920 · Maricopa County
    840
  5. 100 to 174 acres 1920 · Maricopa County
    566
  6. 175 to 499 acres 1920 · Maricopa County
    250
  7. 500 acres and over 1920 · Maricopa County
    66

Sources: Fourteenth Census, State Compendium: Arizona (1924), County Table I, p. 48. The figures, in 1910s →

What did the district raise?

Money pledged by residents for the war and for a road, in the dollars of the day.

Subscribed to the war loan The rest

  1. Fourth Liberty Loan, the district's quota 1918 · As designed · Scottsdale district, the Salt River agency included
    $19,000
  2. Fourth Liberty Loan, the teams' totals 1918 · The arithmetic · Scottsdale district, the Salt River agency included
    about $26,300
  3. Scottsdale–Tempe road, private subscribers 1919 · More than 100 residents of Scottsdale, Phoenix and Tempe
    $1,000

Sources: Arizona Republican, Oct. 23, 1918, p. 4; Arizona Republican, Aug. 4, 1919, p. 6. The figures, in 1910s →

How big were the valley's towns in 1920?

The incorporated towns as the census of January 1, 1920 counted them. Scottsdale was not a town; its precinct counted 1,047.

  1. Phoenix city 1920 · Maricopa County
    29,053
  2. Mesa town 1920 · Maricopa County
    3,036
  3. Glendale town 1920 · Maricopa County
    2,737
  4. Tempe town 1920 · Maricopa County
    1,963

Sources: Fourteenth Census, Arizona, Number of Inhabitants (1921). The figures, in 1910s →

What each period built

The works, tracts and enterprises the chapters record, with who built them and what they cost, where the record says.

Before 1888

  • c. AD 1–1450 The Hohokam canal network 300 to 1,000 miles by different counts; the largest canals more than 50 feet wide and up to 20 feet deep
  • 1867–1868 Swilling's Town Ditch Intended to reclaim 4,000 acres; Phoenix grew up beside it
  • 1879 The Salt River Reservation About 680,000 acres, then 46,627
  • 1883–1885 The Arizona Canal 42 miles, planned for 1,000 second-feet at the head and expected to carry 375 cubic feet a second to over 75,000 acres · $608,498.24 to build; water rights $500 for 80 acres, plus $1.25 an acre a year
  • 1887 The Arizona Improvement Company About 10,000 acres owned; about 40,000 taken up under the Desert Land Act by one later account · Capital $3,000,000; expected $500,000 to $1,000,000 in water-right sales and $100,000 a year in rentals

1888–1909

  • 1888–1889 Scott's claim 640 acres entered on Section 23, 600 patented; 80 acres of barley, a 20-acre vineyard and a 7-acre orchard by February 1889 · $2.50 an acre; $1,520 in all; seven water rights
  • 1888–1889 The Crosscut Canal Four miles across the valley from the Arizona Canal toward the Salt
  • 1894–1895 Orangedale, renamed Scottsdale The northwest 40 acres of Section 26; planned with a street railway, a bus line to Phoenix, a sanatorium, winter cottages and a resort hotel · Lots on sale in 1895; no lot price survives in the sources read
  • 1896 The first schoolhouse One frame room, 16 by 18 feet
  • 1903–1904 The Salt River Valley Water Users' Association More than 200,000 acres pledged · The dam estimated at $2,700,000, or $15 an acre on 180,000 acres
  • 1906–1908 Granite Reef Diversion Dam The new headworks for the north-side canals
  • 1909–1910 Scottsdale Grammar School Two classrooms in red brick · $5,000 bond; $4,526 contract
  • 1909–1910 The Ingleside Club A clubhouse in the old company orange grove, about two miles west of the townsite; with its townsite, stables and later golf course, 800 acres by Lynch's account · No room rates survive in the sources read; lots offered in January 1910 'at reasonable prices to buyers who will improve property'

1910s

  • 1911–1915 Roosevelt Dam Dedicated March 18, 1911; the lake behind it full for the first time in April 1915
  • 1913–1914 The townsite, for sale again Streets graded and signed; lots sold to Vice President Marshall (three), F. K. Graves (two) and others; a $100,000 "Writers' Club" promised and never built · $175 and up a lot; $10 down and $10 a month
  • 1914 Three sections opened on Scottsdale Road About 1,920 acres on both sides of the road south of town, in tracts of 40 to 160 acres · $100 to $150 an acre
  • 1914 The Tempe Cotton Exchange gin Built on the site of a burned hay warehouse in Tempe, due September 15, 1914
  • 1914–1917 The Marshall bungalow Going up by November 1914; the family was staying there in October 1917
  • From 1916 The DC cattle ranch Cattle at the foot of the McDowells; in time about 44,000 acres deeded and leased
  • 1919 Scottsdale–Tempe road An 18-foot graded road · $1,800 from the county and $1,000 from more than 100 subscribers

The builders

Everyone the chapters name, and every profile of a rancher, developer, merchant, architect or builder, by era. A chapter’s own list says what each person did in its years.

Founding & Pioneer Years · 1888–1909

Statehood & the Farm Town · 1910–1929

Dude Ranches & the War Years · 1930–1949

Boomtown: The West’s Most Western Town · 1950–1979

The Resort Metropolis · 1980–2009

The institutions of the local economy

The utility, the bank, the boosters, the employers and the airport, each traced from its founding in the organizations.

The rules the money runs on

How taxes, water, annexation and zoning work today, from how Scottsdale government works.

The words for land, water, work and money